Computer Hardware Replacement Do Stores Replace Computer Parts

Physical components of a computer

Estimator hardware includes the physical parts of a reckoner, such as the instance,^[i] key processing unit (CPU), monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, graphics card, sound card, speakers and motherboard.^[two]

Past contrast, software is the set of instructions that tin can exist stored and run past hardware. Hardware is so-termed because information technology is "hard" or rigid with respect to changes, whereas software is "soft" because it is piece of cake to change.

Hardware is typically directed by the software to execute any control or instruction. A combination of hardware and software forms a usable calculating system, although other systems be with simply hardware.

Von Neumann compages [edit]

Von Neumann architecture scheme

The template for all modernistic computers is the Von Neumann architecture, detailed in a 1945 paper by Hungarian mathematician John von Neumann. This describes a design architecture for an electronic digital calculator with subdivisions of a processing unit of measurement consisting of an arithmetic logic unit and processor registers, a command unit containing an didactics register and program counter, a memory to shop both information and instructions, external mass storage, and input and output mechanisms.^[three] The meaning of the term has evolved to mean a stored-program figurer in which an instruction fetch and a data functioning cannot occur at the same time considering they share a mutual motorcoach. This is referred to every bit the Von Neumann clogging and often limits the functioning of the system.^[iv]

Types of computer systems [edit]

Personal computer [edit]

Inside a custom-congenital computer: power supply at the bottom has its ain cooling fan

The personal computer is one of the near common types of computer due to its versatility and relatively low price. Desktop personal computers take a monitor, a keyboard, a mouse, and a computer instance. The figurer case holds the motherboard, stock-still or removable disk drives for information storage, the ability supply, and may incorporate other peripheral devices such as modems or network interfaces. Some models of desktop computers integrated the monitor and keyboard into the same case every bit the processor and power supply. Separating the elements allows the user to adjust the components in a pleasing, comfortable array, at the cost of managing power and data cables between them.

Laptops are designed for portability but operate similarly to desktop PCs.^[1] They may use lower-power or reduced size components, with lower performance than a similarly priced desktop reckoner.^[v] Laptops contain the keyboard, display, and processor in 1 example. The monitor in the folding upper cover of the example tin can be airtight for transportation, to protect the screen and keyboard. Instead of a mouse, laptops may have a touchpad or pointing stick.

Tablets are portable computer that uses a touch screen as the primary input device. Tablets more often than not weigh less and are smaller than laptops.

Some tablets include fold-out keyboards, or offering connections to carve up external keyboards. Some models of laptop computers have a detachable keyboard, which allows the system to exist configured as a touch-screen tablet. They are sometimes called "2-in-ane detachable laptops" or "tablet-laptop hybrids".^[six]

Case [edit]

The figurer example encloses most of the components of the system. It provides mechanical support and protection for internal elements such as the motherboard, deejay drives, and power supplies, and controls and directs the flow of cooling air over internal components. The case is also part of the system to control electromagnetic interference radiated past the computer and protects internal parts from electrostatic discharge. Large tower cases provide space for multiple deejay drives or other peripherals and usually stand up on the flooring, while desktop cases provide less expansion room. All-in-i mode designs include a video display built into the same case. Portable and laptop computers require cases that provide impact protection for the unit. Hobbyists may decorate the cases with colored lights, pigment, or other features, in an activity called case modding.

Power supply [edit]

A ability supply unit of measurement (PSU) converts alternating current (Air conditioning) electric power to low-voltage direct current (DC) power for the calculator. Laptops can run on born rechargeable battery.^[7] The PSU typically uses a switched-mode ability supply (SMPS), with power MOSFETs (power metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors) used in the converters and regulator circuits of the SMPS.^[8]

Motherboard [edit]

The motherboard is the main component of a estimator. It is a board with integrated circuitry that connects the other parts of the computer including the CPU, the RAM, the deejay drives (CD, DVD, difficult deejay, or any others) every bit well equally any peripherals connected via the ports or the expansion slots. The integrated circuit (IC) fries in a figurer typically contain billions of tiny metallic–oxide–semiconductor field-result transistors (MOSFETs).^[9]

Components directly fastened to or to part of the motherboard include:

• The CPU (key processing unit), which performs most of the calculations which enable a estimator to function, and is referred to as the encephalon of the figurer. It takes plan instructions from random-access memory (RAM), interprets and processes them and then sends back results so that the relevant components tin can conduct out the instructions. The CPU is a microprocessor, which is fabricated on a metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) integrated excursion (IC) chip. It is usually cooled by a heat sink and fan, or water-cooling arrangement. Nigh newer CPU includes an on-die graphics processing unit of measurement (GPU). The clock speed of CPU governs how fast it executes instructions and is measured in GHz; typical values lie between 1 GHz and 5 GHz. Many modern computers have the option to overclock the CPU which enhances performance at the expense of greater thermal output and thus a need for improved cooling.
• The chipset, which includes the north bridge, mediates advice between the CPU and the other components of the system, including principal memory; equally well as due south bridge, which is continued to the north bridge, and supports auxiliary interfaces and buses; and, finally, a Super I/O chip, continued through the south bridge, which supports the slowest and most legacy components like series ports, hardware monitoring and fan command.
• Random-admission memory (RAM), which stores the lawmaking and data that are being actively accessed by the CPU. For example, when a web browser is opened on the calculator it takes up memory; this is stored in the RAM until the spider web browser is airtight. Information technology is typically a type of dynamic RAM (DRAM), such as synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), where MOS memory chips shop data on retentiveness cells consisting of MOSFETs and MOS capacitors. RAM unremarkably comes on dual in-line memory modules (DIMMs) in the sizes of 2GB, 4GB, and 8GB, but can exist much larger.
• Read-only retentiveness (ROM), which stores the BIOS that runs when the calculator is powered on or otherwise begins execution, a procedure known every bit Bootstrapping, or "booting" or "booting up". The ROM is typically a nonvolatile BIOS memory chip, which stores data on floating-gate MOSFET memory cells.
  • The BIOS (Basic Input Output Arrangement) includes boot firmware and power management firmware. Newer motherboards employ Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) instead of BIOS.
• Buses that connect the CPU to various internal components and to expand cards for graphics and sound.
• The CMOS (complementary MOS) bombardment, which powers the CMOS memory for appointment and time in the BIOS chip. This battery is generally a watch battery.
• The video card (also known every bit the graphics carte du jour), which processes reckoner graphics. More powerful graphics cards are better suited to handle strenuous tasks, such every bit playing intensive video games or running reckoner graphics software. A video bill of fare contains a graphics processing unit of measurement (GPU) and video retentiveness (typically a type of SDRAM), both fabricated on MOS integrated circuit (MOS IC) chips.
• Power MOSFETs make upwards the voltage regulator module (VRM), which controls how much voltage other hardware components receive.^[8]

Expansion cards [edit]

An expansion card in calculating is a printed excursion board that can be inserted into an expansion slot of a computer motherboard or backplane to add together functionality to a figurer system via the expansion bus. Expansion cards tin can be used to obtain or expand on features not offered by the motherboard.

Storage devices [edit]

A storage device is any computing hardware and digital media that is used for storing, porting and extracting data files and objects. It can concur and store information both temporarily and permanently and can exist internal or external to a computer, server or whatsoever like calculating device. Data storage is a core part and cardinal component of computers.

Fixed media [edit]

Data is stored past a computer using a variety of media. Difficult disk drives (HDDs) are found in well-nigh all older computers, due to their loftier capacity and low price, but solid-state drives (SSDs) are faster and more power efficient, although currently more expensive than hard drives in terms of dollar per gigabyte,^[x] so are oftentimes plant in personal computers built post-2007.^[xi] SSDs apply wink memory, which stores data on MOS retentivity chips consisting of floating-gate MOSFET retentiveness cells. Some systems may use a deejay array controller for greater performance or reliability.

Removable media [edit]

To transfer data betwixt computers, an external wink memory device (such as a memory carte du jour or USB wink drive) or optical disc (such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or BD-ROM) may be used. Their usefulness depends on being readable by other systems; the majority of machines have an optical deejay drive (ODD), and almost all have at least one Universal Serial Jitney (USB) port. Additionally, USB sticks are typically pre-formatted with the FAT32 file system, which is widely supported across operating systems.

Input and output peripherals [edit]

Input and output devices are typically housed externally to the main calculator chassis. The following are either standard or very common to many computer systems.

Input device [edit]

Input devices allow the user to enter information into the system, or control its operation. Most personal computers have a mouse and keyboard, merely laptop systems typically apply a touchpad instead of a mouse. Other input devices include webcams, microphones, joysticks, and image scanners.

Output device [edit]

Output devices are designed around the senses of human beings. For example, monitors brandish text that tin can be read, speakers produce audio that can be heard.^[12] Such devices also could include printers or a Braille embosser.

Mainframe computer [edit]

A mainframe computer is a much larger reckoner that typically fills a room and may cost many hundreds or thousands of times as much as a personal calculator. They are designed to perform large numbers of calculations for governments and large enterprises.

Departmental computing [edit]

In the 1960s and 1970s, more and more departments started to apply cheaper and defended systems for specific purposes like procedure command and laboratory automation. A minicomputer, or colloquially mini, is a grade of smaller computers that was adult in the mid-1960s^{[xiii] [14]} and sold for much less than mainframe^[xv] and mid-size computers from IBM and its directly competitors.

Supercomputer [edit]

A supercomputer is superficially like to a mainframe but is instead intended for extremely demanding computational tasks. Equally of November 2021^[update], the fastest supercomputer on the TOP500 supercomputer list is Fugaku, in Nippon, with a LINPACK benchmark score of 415 PFLOPS, superseding the second fastest, Summit, in the U.s.a., past around 294 PFLOPS.

The term supercomputer does non refer to a specific technology. Rather it indicates the fastest computations available at any given time. In mid-2011, the fastest supercomputers boasted speeds exceeding one petaflop, or one quadrillion (ten^15 or i,000 trillion) floating-indicate operations per second. Supercomputers are fast only extremely plush, and then they are generally used by big organizations to execute computationally demanding tasks involving large data sets. Supercomputers typically run war machine and scientific applications. Although costly, they are also being used for commercial applications where huge amounts of data must be analyzed. For example, big banks employ supercomputers to calculate the risks and returns of various investment strategies, and healthcare organizations use them to clarify giant databases of patient data to decide optimal treatments for various diseases and problems incurring to the country.

Hardware upgrade [edit]

When using computer hardware, an upgrade means adding new or additional hardware to a calculator that improves its performance, increases its capacity, or adds new features. For case, a user could perform a hardware upgrade to replace the hard drive with a faster one or a Solid State Drive (SSD) to get a boost in performance. The user may as well install more than Random Access Memory (RAM) so the computer can store additional temporary data, or retrieve such data at a faster rate. The user may add a USB 3.0 expansion card to fully use USB 3.0 devices, or could upgrade the Graphics Processing Unit of measurement (GPU) for cleaner, more advanced graphics, or more monitors. Performing such hardware upgrades may be necessary for aged computers to meet a new, or updated program'southward organization requirements.

Sales [edit]

Global revenue from estimator hardware in 2016 reached 408 billion Euros.^[16]

Recycling [edit]

Because computer parts contain hazardous materials, at that place is a growing movement to recycle old and outdated parts.^[17] Calculator hardware incorporate dangerous chemicals such every bit: lead, mercury, nickel, and cadmium. According to the EPA these eastward-wastes have a harmful consequence on the surround unless they are tending of properly. Making hardware requires free energy, and recycling parts will reduce air pollution, water pollution, too as greenhouse gas emissions.^[18] Disposing unauthorized computer equipment is in fact illegal. Legislation makes information technology mandatory to recycle computers through the authorities approved facilities. Recycling a computer can exist made easier by taking out certain reusable parts. For instance, the RAM, DVD bulldoze, the graphics bill of fare, hard drive or SSD, and other similar removable parts can be reused.

Many materials used in computer hardware can be recovered by recycling for use in hereafter production. Reuse of tin, silicon, iron, aluminium, and a variety of plastics that are present in bulk in computers or other electronics can reduce the costs of constructing new systems. Components frequently incorporate copper, gold, tantalum,^{[19] [twenty]} silver, platinum, palladium, and lead also as other valuable materials suitable for reclamation.^{[21] [22]}

Toxic computer components [edit]

The central processing unit contains many toxic materials. It contains lead and chromium in the metal plates. Resistors, semi-conductors, infrared detectors, stabilizers, cables, and wires contain cadmium. The circuit boards in a estimator contain mercury, and chromium.^[23] When these types of materials, and chemicals are tending improperly will go chancy for the surroundings.

Environmental effects [edit]

Co-ordinate to the Us Ecology Protection Agency only around xv% of the due east-waste product actually is recycled. When e-waste product byproducts leach into groundwater, are burned, or get mishandled during recycling, it causes damage. Wellness problems associated with such toxins include dumb mental evolution, cancer, and harm to the lungs, liver, and kidneys.^[24] That'southward why even wires have to be recycled. Different companies have dissimilar techniques to recycle a wire. The most pop one is the grinder that separates the copper wires from the plastic/safe casing. When the processes are done there are two unlike piles left; one containing the copper pulverisation, and the other containing plastic/rubber pieces.^[25] Calculator monitors, mice, and keyboards all have a similar manner of being recycled. For example, first, each of the parts are taken apart so all of the inner parts go separated and placed into its own bin.^[26]

Figurer components incorporate many toxic substances, similar dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), cadmium, chromium, radioactive isotopes and mercury. A typical reckoner monitor may comprise more than 6% lead by weight, much of which is in the lead drinking glass of the cathode ray tube (CRT). A typical fifteen inch (38 cm) reckoner monitor may incorporate 1.v pounds (ane kg) of atomic number 82^[27] merely other monitors have been estimated to have up to 8 pounds (4 kg) of lead.^[28] Circuit boards comprise considerable quantities of pb-tin solders that are more likely to leach into groundwater or create air pollution due to incineration. In US landfills, about 40% of the lead content levels are from eastward-waste.^[29] The processing (e.g. incineration and acid treatments) required to reclaim these precious substances may release, generate, or synthesize toxic byproducts.

Recycling of calculator hardware is considered environmentally friendly considering it prevents chancy waste, including heavy metals and carcinogens, from inbound the temper, landfill or waterways. While electronics consist a small fraction of full waste generated, they are far more dangerous. At that place is stringent legislation designed to enforce and encourage the sustainable disposal of appliances, the most notable existence the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive of the Eu and the United States National Computer Recycling Act.^[thirty]

Efforts for minimizing computer hardware waste [edit]

Equally computer hardware comprise a broad number of metals inside, the United states of america Ecology Protection Bureau (EPA) encourages the collection and recycling of computer hardware. "E-cycling", the recycling of computer hardware, refers to the donation, reuse, shredding and general collection of used electronics. Generically, the term refers to the process of collecting, brokering, disassembling, repairing and recycling the components or metals contained in used or discarded electronic equipment, otherwise known as electronic waste matter (due east-waste). "East-cyclable" items include, but are not express to: televisions, computers, microwave ovens, vacuum cleaners, telephones and cellular phones, stereos, and VCRs and DVDs just about anything that has a cord, light or takes some kind of battery.^[31]

Recycling a computer is made easier by a few of the national services, such every bit Dell and Apple. Both companies volition take back the computer of their make or any other brand. Otherwise a computer can be donated to Calculator Aid International which is an organization that recycles and refurbishes onetime computers for hospitals, schools, universities, etc.^[32]

Meet as well [edit]

• Reckoner architecture
• Electronic hardware
• Hardware for artificial intelligence
• Glossary of figurer hardware terms
• History of computing hardware
• Microprocessor
• MOSFET
• Listing of computer hardware manufacturers
• Open-source computing hardware
• Open-source hardware
• Transistor

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} PC hardware : a beginner's guide. Osborne/McGraw-Loma. 26 April 2001. pp. 21. ISBN9780072129908.
2. ^ "Parts of estimator". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013. Retrieved v December 2013.
3. ^ von Neumann, John (xxx June 1945). Showtime Typhoon of a Written report on the EDVAC (PDF) (Report). University of Pennsylvania. Contract No. West-670-ORD-4926. Archived from the original (PDF) on ix August 2013. Retrieved vi Dec 2013.
4. ^ Markgraf, Joey D. (2007). "The Von Neumann bottleneck". Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
5. ^ "Desktop computer vs. Laptop computer". world wide web.computerhope.com. 30 December 2019. Retrieved 15 Jan 2020.
6. ^ Cipriani, Jason (29 May 2020). "Best two-in-1 Detachable Laptops 2020: The Best Tablet-Laptop Hybrids". IGN . Retrieved 20 July 2020.
7. ^ "How long should a laptop battery terminal?". Computer Promise. Archived from the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
8. ^ ^{a b} Harding, Scharon (17 September 2019). "What Is a MOSFET? A Basic Definition". Tom's Hardware . Retrieved 7 November 2019.
9. ^ "13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Antiquity in History". Computer History Museum. two Apr 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
10. ^ Domingo, Joel. "SSD vs. HDD: What'southward the Departure?". PCMag. Archived from the original on 19 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
11. ^ Edwards, Benj (17 January 2012). "Evolution of the Solid-State Drive". PCWorld. Archived from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
12. ^ PC hardware : a beginner's guide. Osborne/McGraw-Hill. 2001. pp. 20. ISBN9780072129908.
13. ^ Henderson, Rebecca Thou.; Newell, Richard G., eds. (2011). Accelerating free energy innovation : insights from multiple sectors. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 180. ISBN978-0226326832.
14. ^ Huang, Han-Manner (2014). The atme AVR microcontroller : MEGA and XMEGA in assembly and C. Australia ; Uk: Delmar Cengage Learning. p. 4. ISBN978-1133607298.
15. ^ Estabrooks, Maurice (1995). Electronic applied science, corporate strategy, and globe transformation . Westport, Conn.: Quorum Books. p. 53. ISBN0899309690.
16. ^ "Global acquirement from computer hardware from 2005 to 2016". Statista . Retrieved fifteen January 2020.
17. ^ "How to recycle your onetime computer". Digital Trends. 18 December 2016. Archived from the original on 17 April 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
18. ^ Inc, Chris Keenan - Newtech Recycling. "Newtech Recycling Specializes in Calculator Disposal, Laptop Disposal, Desktop Disposal Mainframe Disposal and Server Disposal". www.newtechrecycling.com. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 18 Apr 2017.
19. ^ Robert-Tissot, Sarah (2011). "TANTALUM". Royal Australian Chemical instatute. Archived from the original on 26 Feb 2017. Retrieved iii March 2019.
20. ^ Padilla, Abraham (February 2019). "TANTALUM" (PDF). United states of america geological survey . Retrieved 3 March 2019.
21. ^ Bleiwas, D (July 2001). "Obsolete Computers, "Gilt Mine," or Loftier-Tech Trash? Resource Recovery from Recycling" (PDF). USGS . Retrieved 4 March 2019.
22. ^ LeBlanc, Rick. "Electronic Devices a Rich Source of Precious Metals for Recyclers". The Balance Pocket-sized Business organisation . Retrieved 4 March 2019.
23. ^ "The Toxic Components of Computers and Monitors". Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
24. ^ "What'south Going On with Electronic Waste matter? – Electronics TakeBack Coalition". Archived from the original on 27 Apr 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
25. ^ "Wire Recycling". All-Recycling-Facts.com. Archived from the original on 10 July 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
26. ^ "Computer equipment recycling – Essential Guide". ComputerWeekly. Archived from the original on 21 Dec 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
27. ^ Morgan, Russell (21 August 2006). "Tips and Tricks for Recycling Old Computers". SmartBiz. Archived from the original on half dozen May 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
28. ^ Royte, Elizabeth (1 Baronial 2005). "E-gad! Americans discard more than than 100 million computers, cellphones and other electronic devices each year. As "e-waste product" piles up, so does concern about this growing threat to the surround". Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
29. ^ Toothman, Jessika (2 June 2008). "What Happens to your Discarded Old Reckoner?". HowStuffWorks.
30. ^ National Computer Recycling Act of 2005, H.R. 425, 109th Cong. (2005–2006)
31. ^ T. Gallo, Daniel (fifteen July 2013). "Broad Overview of E-Waste Management Policies in the U.S." (PDF). www.epa.gov . Retrieved 17 January 2020.
32. ^ Schofield, Jack (19 February 2015). "How tin can I safely recycle my sometime PCs?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017.

External links [edit]

Share this post